Report of cyclone efficiency method

Report of cyclone efficiency method Abstract:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report is concerned about cyclone efficiency. The method cyclone is used to remove particles from gaseous waste streams in the experiment. Based on the literature search, more knowledge has been known about particle collecting and particle sizing. Qualitative method is used to describe the particle size distribution using the ELPI device. The cyclone efficiency results are analyzed with graphs and discussion. Comments on the most appropriate methods of control of particles of the size are given at last in the section of discussion. Introduction: Background: Air pollution is man-made harmful materials and particulars in the air, which produce disadvantageous effects to peoples health. It is a big problem, however, public was not focused on air pollution until 1969. Before that time, the air pollution increased dramatically. We impossibly solve the air pollution problems by blowing away the poisonous air and the particles in the air. The most important thing is whether we could control them by reducing pollutant emissions. Air pollution problem is not a single problem, but a series of related problems. The overall air problem basically includes the following form, emissions, transport, dilution, and modification in the atmosphere, which effects on people, property, and the environment. We are unlikely to find a good and easy way to solve all these problems. Instead, we will have to make some steps to achieve the goals such as doing some research on particulate removal from gaseous waste streams so that we can improve the air quality. Name of Technology: Cyclones This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls collectively referred to as pre-cleaners, because they are oftentimes used to reduce the inlet loading of particulate matter (PM) to downstream collection devices by removing larger, abrasive particles. Cyclones are also referred to as cyclone collectors, cyclone separators, centrifugal separators, and inertial separators. In applications where many small cyclones are operating in parallel, the entire system is called a multiple tube cyclone, multi-cyclone, or multi-clone. Type of Technology: Removals of PM by centrifugal and inertial forces are induced by forcing particulate-laden gas to change direction. Applicable Pollutants: Cyclones are used to control PM, and primarily PM greater than 10 micrometers (Fm) in aerodynamic diameter. However, there are high efficiency cyclones designed to be effective for PM less than or equal to 10 Fm and less than or equal to 2.5 Fm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10 and PM2.5). Although cyclones may be used to collect particles larger than 200 Fm, gravity settling chambers or simple momentum separators is usually satisfactory and less subject to abrasion. Achievable Emission Limits/Reductions: The collection efficiency of cyclones varies as a function of particle size and cyclone design. Cyclone efficiency generally increases with particle size and/or density, inlet duct velocity, cyclone body length, number of gas revolutions in the cyclone, ratio of cyclone body diameter to gas exit diameter, dust loading, and smoothness of the cyclone inner wall. Cyclone efficiency will decrease with increases in gas viscosity, body diameter, gas exit diameter, gas inlet duct area, and gas density. A common factor contributing to decreased control efficiencies in cyclones is leakage of air into the dust outlet. Control efficiency ranges for single cyclones are often based on three classifications of cyclone, i.e., conventional, high-efficiency, and high-throughput. The control efficiency range for conventional single cyclones is estimated to be 70 to 90 percent for PM, 30 to 90 percent for PM10, and 0 to 40 percent for PM2.5. High efficiency single cyclones are designed to achieve higher control of smaller particles than conventional cyclones. Summary: This experiment is focused on the sizing of airborne dust or sprays and with one specific method of particulate removal from gas streams (a cyclone). Our major aims are to assess possible dust hazards when handling powders, the efficiency of filters and other arresters and assess the properties of aerosol. Literature Search: Control of primary particulates:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of the fine particles in the air are secondary particles. Many of the primary particles are more toxic than most secondary particles. Though primary particles are generally larger than secondary particles, many primary particles are small enough to be respirable and are thus of health concern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first three kinds of control devices are gravity settlers, cyclone separators, and electrostatic precipitators. All function is driving the particles to a solid wall, where they adhere to each other to form agglomerates that can be removed from the collection device and disposed of. Choosing a Collector: Gravity settling chambers, cyclones, and ESPs work by driving the particles to a solid wall where they form agglomerates that can be collected. These three devices have similar design equations. Filters and scrubbers divide the flow. They have different design equations from wall collection devices and from each other. Both surface and depth filters are used for particle collection. Surface filters are used to collect most of the particles in a heavily laden gas stream. Depth filters are mostly used for the final cleanup of air or gas that must be very clean or for fine liquid drops, which coalesce on them and then drop off. To collect small particles, a scrubber must have a very large relative velocity between the gas being cleaned and the liquid drops. For this reason co-flow scrubbers are most often used. The venture scrubber is the most widely used type of co-flow scrubber. Particle Size Analysis: In many powder and material processing operations, particle size and size distribution play an important role in determining the bulk properties. Describing the size distribution of the particles which make up a powder is therefore central in characterizing the powder. In a number of industrial applications, a single number will be required to characterize the particle size. This can only be done accurately and easily with a mono-sized distribution of spheres or cubes. Real particles with shapes which require more than one dimension to describe and real powders with particles in a range of sizes mean that in practice the identification of single number to describe the size of the particles is far from straightforward. Separation of Particles from a Gas: Gas Cyclones Gas Cyclones Description: Cyclones are extensively used for removing particles from gas stream. The most common type of cyclone is the reverse flow type. Inlet gas is brought tangentially into the cylindrical section and a strong vortex is created inside the cyclone body. Particles in the gas are subjected to centrifugal forces which move them radially outwards, against the inward flow of gas and towards the inside surface of the cyclone on which the solids separate. The direction of flow of the vortex reverses near the bottom of the cylindrical section and the gas leaves the cyclone via the outlet in the top. The solids at the wall of the cyclone are pushed downwards by the outer vortex and out of the solids exit. Gravity has little effect on the operation of the cyclone. Efficiency of Separation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consider a cyclone to which the solids mass flow rate is M, the mass flow discharged from the solids exit orifice is Mc (known as the fine product). The total material balance on the solids over this cyclone may be written: Total: M=Mf+Mc and the ‘component material balance for each particle size x (assuming no breakage or growth or particles within the cyclone) is: Component: M (dF/dx) = Mf (dFf/dx) + Mc (dFc/dx) where, dF/dx, dFf /dx and dFc/dx are the differential frequency size distributions by mass (i.e. mass fraction of size x) for the feed, fine product and coarse product respectively. F, Ff and Fc are the cumulative frequency size distributions by mass (mass fraction less than size x) for the feed, fine product and coarse product respectively. Experimental:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remove and reweigh the filter and the hopper. Calculate the efficiency of cyclone. The instrument EPLI which is widely used for determining near real-time measurements was used to do this experiment. It can measure particles within the size range 30nm up to 10um on the basis of their aerodynamic diameter. In this experiment, two kinds of particles, MgO, and fly ash particles were measured by the demonstrator. And four groups of data were obtained in this experiment, the first two groups are for fly ash particles and the second two groups are for MgO. Results: During operation particles are drawn through a charger where they will receive a charge, before passing into the impactor which contains a number of stages, each one connected to a multi-channel electrometer. Depending on the aerodynamic size of the particles they will be impacted on the different stages. The current values obtained from the different stages are converted to a size distribution, a graph of which is shown in Figure 1. Three kinds of particle have different peak value of number concentration. The peak value of MgO is around 2000 particles/cm3, fly ash particle is about 1500 particles/cm3, and Atmospheric particle is above 2500 particles/cm3. The peak of fly ash particles is lower than MgO particles. Discussion: It can be seen from Figure 1 that there are clearly overlapping size distributions present in the sample of Atmospheric particles, MgO particles and fly ash particles. Real samples always contain particles with more than one source. Atmospheric dust might for example contain pollen as well as pollutants. The size distribution will then have two peak values. In this experiment, fly ash particles can be found a bit larger than MgO particles. And the color of fly ash is darker than MgO, MgO is white. In addition, it can be seen in figure 1 that the start point of MgO particles is much higher than fly ash particles. Because of influence of the distribution and size, the cyclone efficiency of fly ash particles is a little bit higher than MgO particles in average. From Figure 1, it also can be seen that the number concentration of MgO particles firstly reach its peek value, and then the fly ash particles get its peak. Atmospheric particles obtain its peak value at almost the same time as fly ash particles. In the other hand, the distribution of the total number of MgO and fly ash particles is different, it can be seen from Figure 1 that as the diameter of MgO increase, the total number firstly increase, then go down, and then go up again. But the curve of fly ash does not have this phenomenon. Its curve only has one wave crest and compared with MgO, the number concentration of fly ash first get the value 0. In addition, it is worthy to note that the atmospheric particles curve almost has the same shape as fly ashs curve. The only big difference is that the atmospheric particles curve has a much higher peak value of number concentration. In the experiment, the particles escaping from the cyclone in the process might lose, which could influence the cyclone efficiency. Also, from this experiment, it can be found that there are some advantages of using cyclone method to calculate the efficiency. The first one is that temperature and pressure limitations are only dependent on the materials of construction; the second one, dry collection and disposal; and the third one is relatively small space requirements. However, there are some disadvantages of using cyclone. Firstly, it is unable to handle sticky or tacky materials. Secondly, high efficiency units might experience high pressure drops. In the industry, cyclone is normally for relatively big particles, and ESP or fabric filter is for smaller particles. Because in the atmosphere the toxic particles are generally smaller than fine particles, ESP and fabric filter should be used more than other instrument. The electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is like a gravity settler or centrifugal separator, but electrostatic force drives the particles to the wall. It is effective on much smaller particles than the previous two devices.

The Collection of Intelligence Information in the Current World

â€Å"So much information is now available on the Internet (even if some of it is inaccurate) that intelligence collection in the traditional sense is now no longer necessary†. Do you agree? What kinds of information might or might not be available? As a decision-maker would you agree to give up intelligence sources? Introduction Governments â€Å"run â€Å" on information. They need to be constantly aware of what is occurring around them, and how this could affect their interests, in order to take the right decisions at the right time.However not all the information they need is publicly available, which is why intelligence agencies were created with the objective of collecting, analysing and using confidential information, obtained secretly, to advise decision-makers. The collection process takes place after certain tasks have been assigned by the decision-makers, and consists of acquiring the necessary information which will then be treated at a later stage of the intelli gence cycle.Traditionally, the collecting process of such agencies comes from either human intelligence, meaning information directly transmitted from a trustworthy person to an intelligence officer, or technical intelligence, which uses technology and machines to obtain this information. Today, however, the collection process of all information-seeking organizations has been transformed with the Internet. It is the largest, fastest-expanding source of information worldwide, where anybody on any point of the globe can post or have access to information.The impact of the Internet on Intelligence agencies is undoubtable, and it has become a major component of open-source intelligence (OSINT, the process of acquiring information from public sources to be treated and put in use for intelligence purposes). It provides information which is cheaper, more accessible, more timely and easier to disseminate in a shorter time. This has lead some people to believe that: â€Å"So much informatio n is now available on the Internet (even if some of it is inaccurate) that intelligence collection in the traditional sense is now no onger necessary†. Has the Internet revolutionized the information collection process to the point of making the traditional methods obsolete? In this paper, I will defend the view that it has not, thus disagreeing with the statement above[1]. I will discuss that information available on the Internet is no replacement to information collected in the traditional sense, both theoretically (I) and in practice (II), even though it is a useful instrument which can also be used to guide decision-makers (III).I) The theoretical distinction between information available on the Internet and traditional intelligence collection In 2005, General Michael Hayden, from the US Open Source Centre, stated that â€Å"just because information is stolen, it does not make it better†[2]. This is true, however, what if the information was â€Å"stolen† bec ause it was not available anywhere else? One must not confuse the terms information and intelligence. Information is made up of the facts agencies seek; intelligence is the process of acquiring and making use of confidential information which responds to the government's interests.Of course, if this information was available on the Internet, no rational organization would prefer to spend more money, more resources and a greater effort on high-risk operations, which is what information collection implies in the intelligence domain. The problem is that the information intelligence agencies seek is voluntarily hidden by the entity that controls it, which is why it is confidential, and for obvious reasons not posted on the Internet. Moreover, the more people that have a piece of information, the harder it is to have control over it, which incites organizations detaining information to keep it to themselves.By definition, intelligence information is therefore unavailable elsewhere. Conse quently, the information on the Internet has a different content to information coming from intelligence, hence it cannot replace it. Furthermore, the definition of intelligence does not only regard the content of the information, it also concerns how the information is collected. According to David Chuter’s definition, intelligence means that the entity from which information is obtained does not want you to have it, and does not realize you have acquired it.On the contrary, the person posting information on the Internet wants you to have access to it and is aware anybody could acquire it. [3] Therefore, in both aspects of the definition of intelligence, there is a clear distinction between information coming from intelligence and from the Internet, and because of their difference in nature, one cannot replace the other. However, in practice, this theoretical distinction is blurred due to the fact that anybody can post on the Internet, including holders of confidential infor mation.They could, for example, want to harm the person or organization they work for by making such information public through the Internet. II) In practice, the Internet is no replacement to traditional information collection The Commandant of the Marine Corps in 1988, General Alfred Gray Jr. , said that â€Å"most of the intelligence which needs to be known could be obtained via open-source information†[4], which the Internet is a major source of. Undoubtedly, with the huge amount of information available on the Internet, this must be true.There are examples of confidential information been publicly made available through the internet, such as the major Wikileaks information release on confidential subjects- the war in Afghanistan and in Iraq, amongst others. We could then ask ourselves: what if confidential information has been canalized through the Internet and we no longer need intelligence to retrieve it? The information intelligence agencies search for must be importa nt and useful, or it would be irrelevant to the governments that need it. This means it must go through numerous filters and a high discrimination process.The Internet, while it may provide useful facts, has such an enormous amount of information that it impedes this selection process from being efficient. John McLaughlin, a former deputy CIA director, says â€Å"In the Cold War, we struggled to get data. Today, the problem is that there is too much data–more than we can handle. â€Å"[5] This can result in an information overload, meaning huge amounts of time and effort to be used to scan the information and select which is actually important. The difficulties in collecting information from the Internet go further than the quantitative issue.Because the information available on the Internet is what the person publishing it wants others to see, it can be dangerous because depending on this person's interests the information could be contradictory, misleading or even false, hampering the whole intelligence cycle. To avoid this, and as with any information collection, the source must be considered trustworthy, and this is always a difficult matter. On the Internet it is even more so: information is often anonymous, and meta-data (such as the circumstances surrounding the piece of information or the motivations of the person providing it) is extremely limited.Just like Jorge Luis Borges illustrates in his short story The Library of Babel, if one cannot tell what is true from what is false, the information is useless. Consequently, further sources are needed to prove the truthfulness of information and avoid being mislead. This means returning to traditional intelligence collection methods, in which case the Internet cannot be considered a source of information in itself. It can be seen, however, as inspiration for a further investigation.Moreover, the immensity of information available on the Internet incites certain types of behaviour in the information collectors, linked to their subjectiveness, that are also counter-productive for information collection. Political pressure is a potential source of error because it encourages agents to search in a certain direction, which the Internet, with its near-infinite information, is sure to justify. Firstly, it must be noted that not all information an agency looks for is necessarily available, however, the large amounts of information available on the Internet encourage people to believe such information exists.Secondly, misleading sources can exaggerate and create non-existent threats, which is sometimes what intelligence agencies are looking for in order to justify their utility. Thirdly, it is part of human behaviour to struggle to admit you are wrong, especially after investing effort in trying to prove the opposite. Once again, of all the information available on the Internet, that which proves you are in the right direction is likely to be picked, and the rest avoided, encouraging wish-fulfilment behaviour and confirmation bias.With these practical issues concerning information collected from the Internet, it can therefore be considered dangerous for it to be considered a source of information in itself. Nevertheless, it should not altogether be denied a role in information collection. The usefulness of the Internet and its place in the decision-making process If not a trustworthy source by itself, the Internet certainly contributes to a better information collection. Firstly, it directly facilitates the collection of open-source information which is then used for intelligence purposes.Such is the case, for example, with radio or television broadcasts which are now available online. In this example, it means monitors no longer have to be near the broadcast source, nor is complex equipment needed (antennas†¦ ) to obtain these broadcasts. [6] The Internet has an incredible logistical advantage, providing cheaper sources in real time all around the globe. O pen-source information is useful in providing complementary information to the confidential one. It helps determine the context and the circumstances in which the information is transmitted; it serves to â€Å"fill in the gaps†.This is essential, seen as a piece of information taken out of context makes no sense or cannot be used efficiently. Intelligence failures often come from an inability to understand â€Å"the bigger picture† or the general context of a given situation. For example, during the Vietnam war, the strategic concept of the conflict was misunderstood: the US believed it was mainly a Soviet-Chinese supported conflict and ignored the major influence of Vietnamese communists and nationalists. Moreover, information coming from he Internet is in real-time, so it can help those who collect the information assimilate new situations which arise from social or economic change for instance, and to do so quickly. It is therefore important source of collateral inf ormation, which enhances traditional information collection and enables it to be understood and interpreted. From a decision-maker's point of view, most confidential information is not available on the Internet (despite some examples which today are still very limited), which signifies traditional intelligence sources of information can by no means be given up on.The Internet is however an essential tool which must be integrated in the collection process, and in the other stages of the intelligence cycle, in order for the information provided to be pertinent. It can also serve as inspiration for further investigation, as long as its potential dangers are understood, for it is easy for decision-makers, who are under political power, to get carried away by misleading available on the Internet. Conclusion In summary, on one hand, most of the information available on the Internet is not the one which interests intelligence services because they seek mainly confidential information.On th e other hand, some of the information on the Internet hampers information collection because it can be misleading, contradictory, or even false and can lead to counter-productive behaviour from the intelligence agents. Consequently, the information available is not always the one intelligence services are looking for. In addition, there is a theoretical distinction linked to the fact information coming from intelligence must be unavailable elsewhere, which means information from the Internet cannot replace traditional intelligence.This does not imply the Internet should be avoided by intelligence services, on the contrary, it can provide essential information in complement to that obtained by intelligence services. It simply means the dangers of the Internet should be kept in the mind of decision-makers who must find the balance between these two sources of information. ———————– [1] Only the collection stage of the intelligence cycle will be discussed concerning the impact of the Internet, as this is what the statement points to. [2]http://www. usnews. om/news/national/articles/2008/09/12/spy-agencies-turn-to-newspapers-npr-and-wikipedia-for-information. [3]According to this definition, open-source intelligence is not a actually a source of intelligence, the concept open-source information in use for intelligence purposes is therefore more appropriate. [4]†Global Intelligence Challenges in the 1990's†, American Intelligence Journal (Winter 1989–1990) [5] http://www. usnews. com/usnews/news/articles/061103/3dni. analysts. htm [6]https://www. cia. gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no3/article05. html

College Acceptance Essay Samples Exposed

College Acceptance Essay Samples Exposed Most Noticeable College Acceptance Essay Samples It's very beneficial to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. Please don't hesitate to contact me in case you have any questions relating to this revision. When you surf our site for recommendations that may help you write your own essay, you will discover many helpful tips. Jump to an appropriate section to understand how to compose an essay program or learn how our experts can assist you by. This usually means that whenever you forget a guideline, you're still able to reach out to the writer and produce your clarifications. Such essays may also be called as GED essays. Business essay is a fundamental assignment of the majority of business related advanced courses. A scholarship essay is a significant document which is used in the processes of scholarship application. 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Lora's essay Eating Eyeballs'' is a superb case of an effective title. At about 850 words, the essay would have to lose 350 words to obey the new guidelines. It is often the most important part of your application. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can count on us to deliver. Before you commence writing your essay it's crucial that you plan it. Lies You've Been Told About College Acceptance Essay Samples An acceptance of an offer will make an agreement. For a beginning, the usual application essay topics need you to use language that's totally free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. Structurally, this dilemma can be traced to the previous two paragraphs. College Acceptance Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the probabilities of admission. Titles can be difficult that's why lots of applicants skip them. 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The Decline Of The Demise Of Fatherhood - 1316 Words

The Decline of Fatherhood The decline of fatherhood is the most basic, and unexpected social norm of our time. This major problem can be captured in a single statistic. In 30 years, from 1960 to 1990, the percentage of children living away from their biological father had doubled from 17% to 36%. At the turn of the century nearly 50% of children were living without their father in the household. Few researchers predicted this trend it is not widely talked about, but this simple fact has led to some of the biggest social problems that plague America today; crime and delinquency, teenage pregnancy, deteriorated educational achievement, depression, substance abuse, and children and women living in poverty. Even as calamity unfolds our views†¦show more content†¦Father involvement in schools is associated with the higher likelihood of a student getting mostly A’s. This was true for fathers in biological parent families, for stepfathers, and for fathers heading single-parent families. (Nord) The ch ildren have a harder time scoring on tests related to mathematics, reading, critical thinking when no father is present. When fathers are involved in a child s academics they are 40% less likely to repeat a grade and more likely to enjoy school and be involved in extracurricular activities. (Nord) It has been shown that kids with highly involved fathers have increased mental dexterity, increased empathy, less stereotyped sex role beliefs and greater self discipline (Abramovitch) Research also shows that when children experience high father involvement are more curious and better with problem solving. A fathers involvement seems to foster a childrens confidence to explore the world around them and to solve problems.(Pruett) When talking about dropouts, we see that 71% of them are fatherless. When we look at the total population, 19% of kids drop out of highschool. (Nord) Children from father absent homes are more likely to skip from school, more likely to be excluded from school, mo re likely to leave school at age 16, and less likely to attain academic and professional qualifications